Shantanu's Blog

Database Consultant

December 31, 2009

 

Conquer the Konqueror

KDE is nothing but another TV serial started by Star Channel.
Everything starts with "K" like "kusum", "Kaun banega Karodpati", "Saas bhi kabhi bahu thi" etc. My favorite is "KDE ka Konqueror" in which K. Kapoor can "fish" for files from another server and simply right click to Kopy.

Here is how:

1) Start Konqueror
# konqueror &

2) Use Ctrl + tab to start a new tab
3) Use fish protocol to connect to ssh sever.
fish://111.222.333.444
You can connect to ftp server using the ftp protocol.
ftp://ftp.saraswaticlasses.net

4) Now navigate to the folder and then right click on the file to copy, paste it anywhere.

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Backup Cron

A single line from for daily backups:
58 13 * * * /usr/bin/mysqldump -uroot -pPassWord --compact --databases db1 db2 db3 db4 |
zip > /home/develop/backup/central_mydt$(date +'\%d\%m\%y').zip
2>> /home/develop/backup/central_err.txt

After unzipping the file there will a file with the name -
You have to rename it to be more useful
mv \- somefile.txt

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December 29, 2009

 

Read binary files

mysqlbinlog is the standard command that can be used at the command prompt to read the binary contents.
But you can also use show binlog events to read the binary file as shown below:

mysql> system ls /var/log/mysql/ -lh
total 76M
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 15K Dec 26 14:07 mysql-bin.000001
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 575K Dec 26 14:07 mysql-bin.000002
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 254 Dec 26 14:07 mysql-bin.000003
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 54M Dec 26 22:00 mysql-bin.000004
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 1.9K Dec 27 15:43 mysql-bin.000005
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 117 Dec 27 16:15 mysql-bin.000006
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 22M Dec 29 19:40 mysql-bin.000007
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 224 Dec 28 11:31 mysql-bin.index
-rw-r----- 1 root mysql 4.5K Dec 29 19:43 mysqld.log
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 3.5K Dec 28 14:28 mysql-slow.log


mysql> show binlog events in 'mysql-bin.000007' from 4 limit 10;

| mysql-bin.000007 | 928 | Query | 99 | 407 | use `umr`; insert into master values("55063","A","JC","umrd","ok","P","Tambarbge","OnService","6163899","Naur","1974-11-04","Mr","NAUR","NGP","UMR","UMRD") |
| mysql-bin.000007 | 1335 | Xid | 99 | 1362 | COMMIT /* xid=488 */

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December 28, 2009

 

lsof - list open files

# List all open files.
lsof

# lists all the processes, which are using the file in some way.
lsof /path/to/file

# This will list all the files that are open by users rms and root.
lsof -u root

# Find all open files by program’s name.
lsof -c apache

# print all open files by all users who are not root.
lsof -u ^root

# List all open files by the process with PID.
lsof -p 1
lsof -p 450,980,333

# List all network connections.
lsof -i

# List all TCP network connections.
lsof -i tcp

# Find who’s using a port.
# The :25 option to -i makes lsof find processes using TCP or UDP port 25.
lsof -i :25

# to find who’s using a TCP port, use:
lsof -i tcp:80

# Find all network activity by user.
# Here the -a option combines -u and -i to produce listing of network file usage by user hacker.
lsof -a -u hacker -i

# List all NFS (Network File System) files.
lsof -N

# List all files associated with specific file descriptors.
# This lists all files that have been opened as file descriptor 2.
lsof -d 2

# txt for programs loaded in memory and executing:
lsof -d txt

# Output PIDs of processes using some resource.
lsof -t -i

# The -t option outputs only PIDs of processes. Used together with -i it outputs PIDs of all processes with network connections. It’s easy to kill all processes that use network:
kill -9 `lsof -t -i`

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InnoDB setting

If you are using InnoDB table types (who doesn't?) and if the database size is huge (more than 10 GB), you MUST configure the Innodb related settings in your my.cnf file correctly.

innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:2000M:autoextend #(default: 10M)
#50-80% of memory is a safe bet. I set it to 12G on 16GB box
innodb_buffer_pool_size=12G #(default: 8 MB)
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=100M
innodb_log_file_size=256M #(default: 5 MB)
innodb_log_buffer_size=8M #(default: 1 MB)
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=2

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December 18, 2009

 

Finding PHP syntax errors

There is a very easy way to find PHP syntax errors.
If all your .php files are in /var/www/html then you can type the following command.

# find /var/www/html -name '*.php' -exec php -l {} \; | grep -v '^No syntax'

You can save the output to a text file by appending "> tofile.txt" at the end of the above command.
The output will look something like this...

Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '<' in ./reports/extra/rc7bkp2.php on line 265
Errors parsing ./reports/extra/rc7bkp2.php

Parse error: syntax error, unexpected $end in ./reports/extra/rc6bkp.php on line 525
Errors parsing ./reports/extra/rc6bkp.php

Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '}' in ./login/login.php on line 53
Errors parsing ./login/login.php

Parse error: syntax error, unexpected $end in ./commom/bkp/25_nov/Process1.php on line 93
Errors parsing ./commom/bkp/25_nov/Process1.php

_____

If you want to check if a file for e.g. reserve.php has any errors, use the following command....

$ tail -f /var/log/httpd/error_log | grep 'reserve.php'
[Fri Dec 18 16:46:30 2009] [error] [client 59.95.20.15] PHP Notice: Undefined index: ucd in /var/www/html/login.php on line 531, referer: http://111.222.333.444/reserve.php
[Fri Dec 18 16:46:33 2009] [error] [client 117.195.35.82] PHP Notice: A session had already been started - ignoring session_start() in /var/www/html/checkPass.php on line 2, referer: http://666.777.888.999/reserve.php

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December 16, 2009

 

Issues with SELinux firewall

You can turn on the firewall using SELinux. Use the following command to enable.
lokkit

But this will almost surely stop mysql from starting on the next boot if you have changed the datadir path. You will get an error something like this...

091216 23:51:41 mysqld started
091216 23:51:42 [Warning] Can't create test file /mysql/localhost.lower-test
091216 23:51:42 [Warning] Can't create test file /mysql/localhost.lower-test
/usr/libexec/mysqld: Can't change dir to '/mysql/' (Errcode: 13)
091216 23:51:42 [ERROR] Aborting

091216 23:51:42 [Note] /usr/libexec/mysqld: Shutdown complete

091216 23:51:42 mysqld ended

You can either disable it by using the same command again. If you want to use SELinux and still start mysql from a different location, use the following tip:

If you start 'system-config-securitylevel' (RHEL/CentOS) in a graphical environment and click on the SELinux tab, then right down at the bottom of the 'Modify SELinux Policy' section there is a menu item 'SELinux Service Protection'. Expand this and one of the items is 'Disable SELinux protection for mysqld daemon'. Check the box next to this and click 'OK'.

/usr/sbin/setenforce 0
The above will disable selinux.
But you need to either specify the appropriate setenforce parameter in /etc/sysconfig/selinux or pass the parameter selinux=0 to the kernel, either in /etc/grub.conf or at boot time.

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December 13, 2009

 

Using PHP to avoid filesort

The "order by" clause has one column in ascending order and the other descending.
Such queries are very slow and hence PHP needs to be used.

mysql> explain SELECT * FROM ABCD WHERE a=1 AND b=1 ORDER BY c DESC, d ASC\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: ABCD
type: ref
possible_keys: PRIMARY
key: PRIMARY
key_len: 8
ref: const,const
rows: 2
Extra: Using where; Using index; Using filesort
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

So, we changed 1 query into 11 queries (10 parents per page) to make the page load happen faster, by getting rid of the filesort.

FOREACH($C_parent as $i => $c_id) {
$C_parent[$i] = SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS * FROM ABCD WHERE A=? AND B=? AND C=$c_id ORDER BY D ASC LIMIT 1;
}

Calculating the running total is another example where we need to use PHP as writing complex query is time consuming as well as very slow.

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PHP at command prompt

1) Run php page with the ini settings
# php -c /etc/php.ini /var/www/html/TablesList.php
Warning: mysql_pconnect(): Access denied for user 'sink'@'localhost' (using password: YES) in /var/www/html/dbconnect.php on line 6
Error Occurred while communicating with the database!

2) Check Syntax error
# php -l /var/www/html/TablesList.php
No syntax errors detected in /var/www/html/TablesList.php

3) Strip the source code of comments and whitespace
# php –w example.php
Can be useful if you need to reduce the file size.

4) Run php code from the command line
# php -r "$foo = 'hello!'; $foo = strtoupper($foo); echo $foo;"
Directly run php code from the command line without using the php start and end tags.

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December 06, 2009

 

UNIX case study - 22

It is possible to have a two dimensional array in the shell script. I just have to have two nested for - do, done loops. It was really simple but it took me a while to figure it out.

#!/bin/sh
set -x

for i in "yahoo.com" "facebook.com" "google.com" "reddit.com" "cnet.com" "bbc.co.uk"
do
for j in "4.2.2.2" "8.8.8.8" "208.67.222.222"
do
echo $j $i `dig @$j $i | grep Query | awk -F ":" '{print $2}'`
done
done

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